明十三陵石五供香炉的形态与雕刻研究

Research on the Form and Carving of Shiwugong’s Censer in the Ming Tombs

摘要:

石五供最早见于明成祖朱棣的明长陵，是明清皇家陵寝建筑中极具拟物特征性和礼制象征性的石质供养祭祀器具。石五供由“石供案”和“石供器”构成，与佛教祭祀器具“三具足”关联密切。本文以明十三陵中石五供的香炉为研究对象，采用贴近摄影测量测绘技术，记录香炉形体的三维数据；并以帝陵营建时间为序，对各自香炉的形态、尺度、题材、雕刻技艺等内容进行比较研究，梳理出明十三陵中石五供的香炉历史源流，概括了其形态特征的演变规律。

Abstract:

Shiwugong, first seen in the Changling Tomb of the Ming Emperor Chengzu, Zhu Di, is one of the most notable symbolic stone ritual objects with mimetic and ceremonial features in the imperial mausoleums of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Composed of “Shi Gong An” （stone offering table)and “Shi Gong Qi”（stone offering vessels), Shiwugong bears a close relationship with the“San Gu Zu”（three sacra) used in Buddhist rituals. This study focuses on the censers within the thirteen Ming Dynasty tombs, employing close-range photogrammetric surveying to record three-dimensional data of the censer’s forms. By arranging the imperial tombs chronologically, a comparative analysis was conducted on each censer in terms of shape, dimensions, themes, and carving techniques. This research traces the historical origins of the censers within the Shiwugong of the thirteen Ming tombs, summarizing the patterns of evolution in their morphological characteristics.