对“匠作则例”与“营造则例”概念的再反思 #

Rethinking the Concepts of“Handicraft Regulations”and“Construction Regulations”

摘要:

作为研究清代营造业的一手资料，匠作则例很早就受到建筑史学者的关注和重视。然而，对“匠作则例”这一概念的定义却长期模糊不清，其内涵和外延在研究者的认知与讨论中不乏争议。目前，学界普遍采用王世襄先生提出的匠作则例定义，然而，这一定义却与史学界公认的“则例”概念存在矛盾，同时，由于缺失年代范围的必要界定，在外延上也存在疑问。在从文献学层面厘清了“则例”“匠作则例”与“营造则例”三个不同概念的源流与区别之后，不难发现，“匠作则例”实际上是清代独有的一类特殊文献，它是清代记载营造业与手工业的技术做法、用工用料以及物料价值的规范性文本，其性质既有官修，也有私辑，形式既有抄本，也有刊本。在文献学意义上，匠作则例应当被视为一个专门概念，它与清代则例有交集，但并不一定属于则例。而“营造则例”这一概念定义相对模糊，缺乏科学性和有效性，对于记载建筑营造类内容的则例，称之为“营造相关匠作则例”更加合理。

Abstract:

As a primary source for the study of the construction industry in the Qing Dynasty, the Handicraft Regulations have been high profiled byarchitectural historians. However, the definition of "Handicraft Regulation" has not been clarified for a long time, while its connotation and extension have beencontroversial in discussion. At present, the definition of Handicraft Regulation proposed by Mr. Wang Shixiang is generally adopted in the academic circles.Yet this definition is in contradiction with the concept of "Regulation" recognized by the historians. Besides, the lack of necessary definition of the age rangeresults in some doubts in its extension. After clarifying the origins and differences of the three different concepts of "Regulation", " Handicraft Regulation" and "Construction Regulation", it is clear that "Handicraft Regulation" is actually a special type of document in the Qing Dynasty. It is a normative text that records the technology, material and price of commodities in construction and handicraft industry in the Qing Dynasty. It can be manuscripts or block-printed edition,edited by the authority or craftsmen. In the sense of philology, it should be regarded as a special concept, which overlaps with the Qing Dynasty Regulations,but does not necessarily belong to the Regulations. On the other hand, the concept of "Construction Regulation" cannot be identified as a scientific and effective terminology. It would be more reasonable to name the regulations on architectural "construction related Handicraft Regulation".