南海丝路沿线民居天井空间自然通风模式研究 # ——以海南为例

Contrastive Analysis of Spatial Forms of Residential Patio in Hot and Humid Area: A Case Study of Hainan

摘要:

海南是“21 世纪海上丝绸之路”的重要节点，沿线保存了大量极具保护价值的传统乡土民居。天井是该地区传统民居进行微气候调节的重要空间类型之一，具有不同的空间形态模式。为了解天井空间对民居自然通风调节起到的作用，以及天井的不同空间尺度在新民居设计中的应用导向，以海南传统民居为例，从定性与定量两方面进行综合研究。定性分析采取典型传统民居类型学和热成像分析法，定量分析采用夏季实地测试和 CFD 软件模拟两种方法，对带天井民居和不带天井的民居进行实地测试对比分析，并对四边围合型天井的不同几何形态和空间尺度进行量化对比分析。结果表明，天井对建筑能够起到降温、除湿和增强自然通风的作用；南侧朝向的半围合天井更有利于通风，四面围合式天井可通过增大南侧前厅的门窗面积比改善整体风环境；在建筑高度相同时，面宽与进深比为 1:1 的天井具有最佳的建筑风环境，有助于改善室内外的自然通风状况；当面宽与进深比相同，建筑层高较低时，自然通风效果较好，过高的建筑层高不利于室内通风，宜在南北外墙开上下双层窗解决室内顶部空气不对流的问题。

Abstract:

Hainan is an important node of the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road"，and a large number of traditional rural dwellings with great conservation value have been preserved along the route. Patio is one of the important spatial types for microclimate adjustment of traditional houses in hot and humid areas，which has different spatial patterns. In order to find out the effect of patio space in the natural ventilation adjustment of residential buildings，and the application orientation of different spatial scales of patios in the design of new residential buildings，a comprehensive study was carried out from both qualitative and quantitative aspects，taking traditional residential buildings in Hainan as an example. The qualitative analysis adopted typical traditional residential typology and thermal imaging analysis method. Methods of summer field test and CFD software simulation were used in the quantitative analysis， and the residential buildings with and without patios were comparatively analyzed in different geometric forms and spatial scales of the patio enclosed on all sides. The results indicate that the courtyard can play a role in cooling，dehumidifying，and enhancing natural ventilation in buildings. A semi enclosed courtyard facing south is more conducive to ventilation，while a four sided enclosed courtyard can improve the overall wind environment by increasing the area of doors and windows in the south hall. When the building height is the same，a courtyard with a aspect width to depth ratio of 1:1 has the best building wind environment，which helps to improve the natural ventilation conditions indoors and outdoors. When the width to depth ratio is the same and the building height is low，natural ventilation is better. An excessively high building height is not conducive to indoor ventilation. It is advisable to open up and down windows on the north and south exterior walls to solve the problem of non convection of air at the top of the room.