多层次空间下学礼景观的规划理念与方法 # ——以湖南官学为例

The Planning Idea and Method Under the Multi-Level Space of Educational Rite Landscape —— A Case Study of Hunan Official School

摘要:

官学学礼景观揽山川之秀美，座城邑之尊位，营宜学之圣境，是古代地方城市的人文胜景担当。结合历史文献、方志图和遗存现状，全面审视地方官学在区域（礼乐风景）、城市（礼制建筑）、单体（礼仪空间）层面体现的规划思想，探寻人与城市、自然间的风景秩序关系。官学景观在区域层面，通过审形、度势、四望、环望等环境体察方法实现山水化育、礼乐相成；在城市层面，通过辨方正位，实现空间方位与礼制秩序的关联统一；在单体层面，通过建筑形制、雕梁画栋、楹联匾额等实现道德镜鉴、思想治理。研究通过官学学礼景观发掘园与城之间在位、型、体、量、象中的景观秩序关系，用鉴、借、理、模、比等手法实现与自然山水的互动和融合。

Abstract:

The educational ritual landscape of official schools is the cultural landscape of ancient local cities. The research comprehensively examines the planning ideas of local official schools at the level of individual (rite space), city (rite architecture) and region (rite and music landscape), and explores the relationship between people, city and nature in landscape order. At the regional level, the landscape of educational rites realizes the landscape image that the rites and music complement each other through the methods of“multi-level spatial view”to examine the shape and potential, "four looks" to observe the success,“round looks”to strengthen the potential and so on. At the urban level, the ritual system is incorporated into the planning and layout of urban material space, and the correlation and unity of“spatial orientation and ritual order”are realized by“distinguishing the square and the position and establishing the identity”. At the single level, the moral reflection of etiquette space is realized through landscape cultural symbols such as architectural shape, carved beams and painted buildings, architectural naming. The study explores the landscape order relationship between the garden and the city, and realizes the interaction and integration with the natural landscape by using the techniques of imitation, borrowing, reasoning, modeling and comparison.