从圆明园同乐园说开去 # ——中国园林中的“与民同乐”意象及其流变

Start from Tongleyuan in Yuanmingyuan ——The Imagery and Evolution of "Tongle" in Chinese Gardens

摘要:

“同乐”作为重要的哲学概念，对历代园林活动的组织方式转变、公共园林的兴建繁荣、私家园林的开放发展、民风民俗的传承延续以及政治主张的推行产生了重要的影响。研究以圆明园同乐园为切入点，探析“与民同乐”在明清两代园林中的表现。依据历代具体实例与园林活动，挖掘“同乐”的意象根源与流变及相关活动方式。同乐意象在一定程度上促进了文人雅士、皇室贵族、普通民众等多阶层人群在园林环境中的身份融合。三条不同阶层的园林“同乐”线索并行发展、互有借鉴。景观空间的营造、曲水流觞的符号运用、语言文本的表述等方式使得“与民同乐”意象能够在古典园林创作中得以表达与延续。同乐意象的研究为现今的城市文化景观建设提供了有效的借鉴。

Abstract:

As an philosophical concept,“Tongle”has an important impact on the organizational method transformation of landscape activities, the construction and prosperity of public gardens, the openness development of private gardens, the inheritance of folk customs, and the implementation of political ideas. This paper takes Tongleyuan as the breakthrough point to analyze the performance of“Tongle”in the gardens during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the specific examples and landscape activities of the past dynasties, this paper explores the imagery source, evolution, and related activity mechanism of“Tongle”. To a certain extent, the imagery of“Tongle”promotes the integration of literati, royal nobles, ordinary people in the garden environment. These three clues develop in parallel and influence each other. The creation of landscape space, the symbol abstractionof Qushui Liushang, the expression of text makes the imagery of“Tongle”realize continuation in classical gardens. The study of "Tongle" imagery provides an effective reference for today's urban cultural landscape construction.