鄂西南土家族穿斗式凉桥匠作实录

A record of the Craftsmanship of the Chuan-dou Structural Liang-qiao Bridge of Tujia in Southwest Hubei

摘要:

凉桥是鄂西南土家族对廊桥的一种地方称谓，是当地城乡常见的一类风景园林建筑，采用穿斗式结构并沿袭传统匠作手法。本文结合现场记录和匠师访谈，着重从匠语和匠技两个角度记录了一座凉桥的匠作流程和关键技术，包括构件加工方法及安装过程，如开篙与画墨、讨退与挖退、榫卯类型等。只有深入“第一现场”，方能探明传统匠作技术，体会匠师营造智慧，使土家族传统营造技艺得以记录和留存。

Abstract:

Liang-qiao is a local appellation of corridor bridge in southwest of Hubei by the people of Tujia. It is a common landscape architecture in urban and rural areas which is used Chuan-dou structure and follows the traditional craftsman construction techniques. Through whole-process follow up interview, emphatically from the dimensions of the mark systems and techniques of craftsmen, the article illustrates the craftsmanship construction process and key technologies of Liang-qiao, which including construction techniques of wooden components, construction-ruler techniques, carpenter's mark system, tao-tui and wa-tui, mortise-tenon types, etc. Only by going deep into the first-hand fieldwork data, can we explore the traditional craftsmanship and learn more about the construction wisdom of the craftsmen, so that the traditional techniques of Tujia can be recorded and preserved.