“以悲为美”的审美倾向对东汉私家园林的影响

The influence of the aesthetic tendency of "sadness as beauty" on the private gardens of the Eastern Han Dynasty

摘要:

反思现有理论中儒学对汉代园林变迁的影响，通过探讨悲美思想、东汉经学——儒学及东汉私家园林三者之间的相互影响关系，发现东汉时期“以悲为美”的思想是致使园林向自然审美过渡的部分原因。悲美思想从直接与间接两方面影响园林营造，一是社会变革及个人命运起伏使汉人个人意识逐渐觉醒，由此产生的悲美思想使人逐渐对未知仙境失去探索的欲望，更关注能投射现实情绪的自然景物，直接致使园林营造风格向自然式园林转换；二是悲美思想作为汉代艺术创作的主导审美思想，不但使汉代悲音盛行，而且间接导致文人艺术创作场所——私家园林引入更多艺术作品中出现的自然景物，使创作者能够在类似自然的环境中勾起悲情，更利于文人在住所中进行自我表达。

Abstract:

Reflecting on the influence of Confucianism on the changes of Gardens in the Han Dynasty, this paper discusses the mutual influence among the tragic beauty thought, the Confucian classics of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the private gardens of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is found that the idea of“Taking sorrow as beauty” in the Eastern Han Dynasty is part of the reason for the transition from landscape architecture to natural aesthetics. On the one hand, the social change and the rise and fall of the individual destiny made the Han people gradually awaken their individual consciousness, and on the other hand, the resulting tragic beauty made people gradually lose their desire to explore the unknown fairyland, second, as the dominant aesthetic thought in the artistic creation of the Han Dynasty, the thought of sad beauty not only made the sad sound of the Han Dynasty prevalent, it also indirectly led to the introduction of more natural scenes in private gardens, the artistic creation site of Literati, so that the creators could evoke sadness in a similar natural environment, more conducive to the literati in the residence of self-expression.